The LD Debate Format

LD debate isn’t just about what you say- it’s about when you say it. Every round follows a structured format, with each speech serving a specific purpose. If you understand the format, you can control the round. If you don’t, you’ll find yourself scrambling to keep up.

An LD round consists of six speeches, two cross-examinations, and two prep periods, if you need them. Here’s the breakdown:

Affirmative Constructive (AC) – 6 minutes The affirmative speaker (the one supporting the resolution) delivers their prepared speech. This is where they introduce their framework (value and criterion) and present their main arguments (called contentions).

Cross-Examination (CX) – 3 minutes The negative speaker (the one opposing the resolution) asks questions about the affirmative’s case. The goal is to find weaknesses, force clarifications, or set up future arguments.

Negative Constructive (NC) & Rebuttal – 7 minutes The negative speaker presents their own framework and contentions, then immediately moves into refuting the affirmative case. This is the longest speech in the round and sets up the negative’s entire strategy.

Cross-Examination (CX) – 3 minutes The affirmative now questions the negative. The goal is to challenge their arguments, expose contradictions, or force them into difficult positions.

First Affirmative Rebuttal (1AR) – 4 minutes The affirmative has to do a lot in a short amount of time- rebuild their case, respond to the negative’s arguments, and keep the debate on track. This is one of the hardest speeches in LD.

Negative Rebuttal (NR) – 6 minutes The negative extends their key arguments and dismantles the affirmative’s responses. Since the negative speaks last before the final affirmative speech, this is a critical moment to control the debate.

Second Affirmative Rebuttal (2AR) – 3 minutes The last word goes to the affirmative. This speech must be clear, concise, and persuasive, giving the judge a strong reason to vote affirmative.

Prep Time

Each debater gets 4 minutes of prep time to use throughout the round in any way they want. This is the only time you’re allowed to pause and think before speaking. Use it wisely.

The Big Picture

LD rounds move fast, but if you understand the format, you’ll always know what’s coming next. Each speech builds on the last, and every second matters. Master the structure, and you’ll never feel lost in a round.